ABSTRACT
Introduction: The Nasolacrimal duct is the terminal part of the nasolacrimal apparatus or tear apparatus. The anatomy of lateral nasal wall is Important for planning the surgeries on lacrimal duct through intranasal approach. Objective: The current study was designed to review the anatomy of nasolacrimal duct in relation to the lateral nasal wall. Material and method: Thirty sagittal sections (14 right and 16 left side) of head and neck of formalin fixed adult cadavers of known sex, gender, ethnicity present in department of anatomy GMCH, Chandigarh were studied. The following parameters were made using a digital calliper and rounded off to the nearest millimetres. 1.Length of nasolacrimal duct (NLD Length) 2. Nearest distance from the nasolacrimal duct to maxillary sinus ostium (NLD - MSO) 3. Nearest distance from the NLD to the anterior nasal spine. (NLD- ANS)4. Nearest distance of the intranasal orifice of the NLD to the nasal floor (NLD- NF) 5. Nearest distance of the intranasal orifice of the NLD to the nasal roof. (NSD- NR) 6. Nearest distance of the intranasal orifice of the NLD to the anterior attachment of the Inferior concha. (NSD- AIT). Observations: In our study the average length of the NLD was 19.8±1.57mm. The intranasal orifice of the NLD was observed to be located on an average of 24.5±2.6mm from the anterior nasal spine, ranging from 5.5-2. 9mm.The average distance from the nasal roof was found to be 32.2±1.67mm and 16.08±1.71mm from nasal floor. In addition, the average distance from the anterior attachment of inferior nasal concha was found to be 14.82±2.37mm. In our study the NLD was an average of 4.08±0.67mm anterior to MSO at the level of the anterior attachment of the MT. On Comparing right and left side The NLD Was found to be slightly longer 22.7 in comparison of 22.2 mm on left side. The distance of NLD From MSO was also found to be larger on left side. The distances of NLD-ANS, NLD NR, NLD -AIT and NLD- NF were also longer on left side. Conclusion: We found that most of the parameters were closer to a study done by Ertugel while the NLD-NF distance was more in our specimen. Running title: nasolacrimal duct: morphometry, surgical importance
ABSTRACT
Introduction: Pterion is a H-Shaped formation of sutures and cranio-metric point on the lateral side of skull. It is marked by the junction of frontal, parietal, greater wing of sphenoid & squamous temporal bone. Objective: The study is aimed to determine prevalence of types of pterions, presence of epipteric bone. We also tried to find pterion’s relationship with anterior branch of middle meningeal artery Materials and methods: Study was done in department of Anatomy, GMCH-32, Chandigarh on 40 adult dried skulls without calvaria, of unknown age, gender and race. The skulls with broken lateral wall were excluded. Skulls were examined for 1. A. prevalence of pterion shape B. Prevalence of bilaterality of similar shape of pterion. C. Prevalence of unilateral variation of pterion on two sides of skull. 2. Epipteric bone A. Presence of epipteric bone B. relation to the suture on both sides. 3. Distance of pterion center point to frontozygomatic suture and upper border of zygomatic arch. 4. relationship of pterion on external and internal surface of skull and on inner side its relationship with anterior branch of Middle meningeal artery. Observations: In the present study 3 types of pterions i.e., Sphenoparietal, stellate, frontotemporal were observed. Sphenoparietal was found to be present bilaterally 40% on both sides. Frontotemporal & stellate were 2.5%. Sphenoparietal type of pterion was 55% on right side & 67.5% on left side. frontotemporal type of pterion was 5% on right side & 2.5% on left side, stellate type was 7.5% on right side & 2.5% on left side. epipteric bone were present in pterion on right side in 32.5% & on left side 27.5%. Pterion was lying approximately 3.5 cm above the zygomatic arch and 2.83 cm behind the posterior margin of frontozygomatic suture. Conclusion: in our study the commonest type of pterion shape was Sphenoparietal. This type was most common to be present bilaterally. Epipteric bone was found in Sphenoparietal type both unilaterally & bilaterally. The anterior branch of MMA was closest and farthest in stellate type.
ABSTRACT
Bougie is an important adjunct in the anaesthesiologist armoury for a difficult airway1. Physical damage to bougie leading to airway trauma is rare but can be catastrophic. We report a case of an anticipated difficult extubation, where the bougie, used to extubate over the tube broke and migrated into the trachea indicating the need of a protocol for routine inspection of bougie which should be strictly adhered to
ABSTRACT
Background: The vertebrate spleen has important functions in immunity and haematopoiesis, many of whichhave been well studied. In contrast, we know very less about the mechanisms governing its early embryonicdevelopment. There is little research on morphomertric analysis of spleen in human fetal cadavers.Aims and objectives: The presentstudy was carried out to determine the location and dimensions of human fetalspleen.Material and methods: The study was carried out on 50 dead human fetal spleens (30 males and 20 females),aged between 9 - 32 weeks of gestation. The location of spleen and its relation with the neighboring structures,notches on borders, major ligaments and the shape of spleen and its hilum were studied. The length, width,thickness, and weight of the spleen were measured.Results: The average length, width and thickness of fetal spleen of gestational age between 12 to 16 weeks were7.65mm, 4.71mm, 2.93mm. respectively and mean weight was.065gm. In >16 to 20 weeks, mean length was10.9mm, width was 7.05mm, thickness was 5mm. respectively and weight was 0.461gm. In >20 to 24 weeks, meanlength was 13.45mm,width was 8.38m , thickness was 5.72mm. and weight was.580gm. In >24 to 28 weeks, meanlength was 19.8mm, width was 12.43mm, thickness was 8.67mm.and weight was .997gm. In >28 weeks gestationalage , mean length was 26.5mm, width was 13.5mm, thickness was 9.2mm.and weight was 1.91gm. Spleen wasfound to be of three different shapes - leaf shaped (two faced), wedge shaped (three faced) and pyramid shaped(four faced). In 44 cases (88%) it was wedge shaped, in four cases (8%) it was two faced and in two cases (4%) itwas pyramid shaped.Conclusion: The expression of morphometric parameters of the spleen at different gestational ages can be usedin determining various pathologies of the spleen and may also contribute to future studies on this subject